Stages of Classical Pragmatism: A Comprehensive Study
Pragmatism is one of the most prominent philosophical trends that left its mark on modern thought. It went through three main stages, each of which constituted a fundamental development of this philosophical trend.
The first stage: The establishment of pragmatism with Charles Sanders Peirce
The first stage of pragmatism is attributed to Charles Sanders Peirce, who is considered the founder of this philosophy. In 1878, he formulated his famous rule that states:
"Consider the effects that may have actual results on the subject we are thinking about, and then our idea of these effects is our entire idea of the subject."
This means that ideas are only valuable through their direct or indirect effects on our senses. Peirce emphasized the importance of scientific experimentation as a criterion of truth, as no idea is worthless if it does not have an actual effect that can be tested experimentally.
The second stage: The dissemination of pragmatism by William James
William James is the second most prominent philosopher of pragmatism, and he contributed greatly to its popularization and dissemination. James expanded the scope of pragmatism from the logical and critical field to ethics and religion.
James emphasized the importance of individual experience and concrete results.
He opposed abstract concepts that do not achieve practical effectiveness in life.
He considered that pragmatism is not limited to general results only, but also includes partial results that may have both theoretical and practical value.
The third stage: The social dimension of pragmatism with John Dewey
With John Dewey, pragmatism entered a new stage more closely related to social and cultural reality.
Dewey emphasized that philosophy is not just theoretical contemplation, but a means of solving social problems.
He focused on the role of philosophy in improving the social environment and contributing to the development of industrial society.
He called for a philosophy with humane motives and purposes that enhance social and cultural interaction.
Conclusion
These three stages show how pragmatism evolved from an experimental philosophical approach to a practical tool for solving social problems. These transformations have greatly influenced global philosophical thought.
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